What is turbulence in aviation?

Turbulence in aviation is best described as irregular air movement experienced during flight. This phenomenon occurs when there are variations in wind speed and direction, which can cause the aircraft to experience sudden and unexpected changes in altitude and attitude. These irregular movements can stem from various factors, such as weather conditions like thunderstorms, jet streams, or obstacles on the ground that disrupt the airflow. Understanding turbulence is essential for pilots and crew members as it affects passenger comfort and safety during flight.

In contrast to the other choices, continuous smooth airflow does not represent turbulence, as it implies a steady and predictable flow of air without disruptions. A stable weather condition refers to consistent atmospheric conditions rather than the chaotic environment created by turbulence. Lastly, a type of engine failure does not relate to the concept of turbulence, which is strictly an aerodynamic phenomenon rather than a mechanical issue.