Which type of aircraft operations requires a type rating?

A type rating is required for specific aircraft based on their characteristics, primarily their maximum takeoff weight and complexity. Aircraft that exceed 12,500 pounds maximum takeoff weight are categorized as requiring a type rating because they often feature advanced systems, performance capabilities, and a level of complexity that goes beyond the scope of standard private pilot training.

This requirement is designed to ensure pilots have the specific knowledge and skills to operate larger and more complex aircraft safely. Pilots undergo specialized training that includes understanding the aircraft's systems, performance limitations, and unique operational procedures.

The other options, while related to different categories of aircraft, do not necessarily trigger the type rating requirement. For instance, not all aircraft used for flight training, operated in controlled airspace, or those used for cargo transport exceed the specified weight threshold or require the same level of training and skill as heavier aircraft. Thus, the correct answer focuses on the weight criterion, reinforcing the importance of type ratings in maintaining safety and operational standards in aviation.